Studies show that YOAD tends to progress more rapidly than late onset Alzheimer's dementia
Young Onset Alzheimer's dementia (YOAD) is a type of Alzheimer's disease that affects people under the age of 65. Unlike late onset Alzheimer's which typically affects older persons, YOAD shows earlier in life. The Alzheimer's Association's 2024 Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures report indicates that YOAD affects around 200,000 Americans. This accounts for about 5% of all Alzheimer's cases.
YOAD has a genetic component. Research suggests that about 10% of YOAD cases are due to specific genetic mutations inherited from one's parents. “Familial Alzheimer's” is the term used to describe these genetic mutations. If an individual inherits them, they are almost certain to develop the disease at some point in their life.
Studies show that YOAD tends to progress more rapidly than late onset Alzheimer's dementia (LOAD). Individuals with YOAD are more likely to carry two copies of the APOE e4 allele, a genetic variant linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Having one copy of the APOE e4 allele in the white population increases the risk of Alzheimer's dementia by 2-3 times. Having two copies can raise the risk by as much as 12 times. Individuals with Down Syndrome are at increased risk of developing YOAD in their 50s due to the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, which contains the gene responsible for producing amyloid precursor protein, a key player in the development of Alzheimer's disease.
Signs of YOAD usually emerge in people in their early 50s and gradually worsen. Early signs include mild cognitive impairment (MCI), characterized by subtle changes in memory and thinking abilities. As the disease progresses, individuals may experience more severe mental decline, which affects their daily functioning and ability to remain employed.
Diagnosing YOAD can be challenging due to its rarity in younger age groups and a need for more awareness among healthcare providers. The diagnostic process involves a comprehensive evaluation. This includes a detailed medical history, physical and cognitive examinations, blood tests, and brain imaging scans. Genetic testing may also be necessary. This requires pre- and post-test counseling to help individuals and their families understand the implications of the results.
There is no cure for YOAD, but management strategies aim to improve symptoms and quality of life. This often entails a multidisciplinary approach led by dementia experts. This includes medical treatments, lifestyle modifications, and psychosocial interventions. Medicines such as Lecanemab and cholinesterase inhibitors are available to help manage symptoms, although their use requires consideration of potential side effects and benefits.
Lifestyle-based interventions play a major role in YOAD management. These include personalized brain health programs incorporating exercise, nutrition, social engagement, and cognitive stimulation. Support groups, counseling services, and advanced care planning are vital for patients and their families to navigate the challenges the disease presents.
Addressing neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as depression and agitation, is another crucial aspect of YOAD management. Providing resources and support to individuals and families affected by YOAD is essential, as the emotional, financial, and social impact of the disease can be profound.
Advocacy efforts are essential in combating the stigma and discrimination associated with YOAD and Alzheimer's disease in general. Creating dementia-friendly communities that value and support individuals at all stages of the disease is a shared societal responsibility.
At Saint Alphonsus Memory Center, we are honored to assist individuals with YOAD and their families on their journey by providing comprehensive care and support to enhance their quality of life.
If you would like more information or want to schedule an appointment, please go to the Memory Center webpage or call us at (208) 302-5400.
